The Security And Foreign Policy - 1302 Words

According to Hughbank and Githens (2010), today’s society is suspicious of intrusions on civil liberties. Random TSA searches, mandatory identity cards, etc. are not generally well received but are important. Thus, it is especially important to intercept terrorist and their resources before they have the opportunity to attack. Combining law enforcement and intelligence is the principal method of accomplishing this (Hughbank Githens, 2010). Intelligence is vital to homeland defense and security. The U.S. intelligence community (IC) has the responsibility of conducting intelligence activities that are necessary for conducting foreign relations and for the national security of the United States (â€Å"Intelligence Community†, n.d.). The†¦show more content†¦In the U.S. intelligence community, there are six primary theories of intelligence. Governance describes a form of intelligence that takes place as a result of a critical incident such as terrorism. Governmen t tends to achieve a more secured state through increased security, surveillance, and information gathering (Gill, 2007). Process intelligence refers to the seven step process that is the intelligence cycle. It can be a tool for identifying intelligence failures by actually looking at failures in the process. The intelligence theory set at the federal level is structure which describe their collaborative efforts with states such as the National Counterterrorism Center. The national-level information clearing house contains fusions centers for individual states to improve their own security (Gill, 2007). The theory of cooperation emphasizes the need for cooperation between intelligence agencies as information sharing on a nationwide basis continues to grow. Actors and ethics consider the professionals who work within the intelligence community and the standards of ethics that they must follow. The theory helps identify intelligence failures that happen because of groupthink, the fail ure to properly fuse or connect information, or mirror imaging (Gill, 2007). The last category of intelligence is oversight. This type of intelligence focuses on how intelligence is conducted internally and externally. Proper oversight is

The School Breakfast Program Programs - 1345 Words

SUMMARY The school breakfast program is where preschool kids can start the day with good breakfast. Studies have shown feeding children a nutritious breakfast increases their school performance, nutrition intake, and overall health while decreasing obesity, discipline problems, and illnesses. There is concern that children might be coming to school without eating breakfast and still not be participating in the school breakfast program for variety of reasons, including a perceived stigma associating school breakfast participating with poverty. Breakfast is an important meal and several studies appear to link the consumption of nutritious breakfast to improved dietary status and school performance. One approach to increasing participation†¦show more content†¦In over 12.9 million children participated in the program every day, and 10.1 million received a free or reduced-price meal. The program was designed to assist school system to provide nutrition breakfast for all children in the unite state especially those childrens from low income family (Gndersen, Craig, and Michele Ver Ploeg 2015). How does the school breakfast program works, the school districts and independent schools that choose to take part in the breakfast program receive cash subsidies from the U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) for each meal they serve, and they have to serve breakfast that meet federal requirements, and they must offer free or reduced price breakfasts to eligible children. According to the U.S department of agriculture the children who qualify for free and reduced breakfast program, the children will from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty level are eligible for free meals, but those incomes between 130 percent and 185 percent of poverty level are eligible for reduced-price meals. In the year 2012, the school breakfast program cost $3.3 billion, up from $1.9 billion in the year 2005. The cost in previous years was in 1970, $10.8 million; in 1980, $287.8 million; in 1990, $599.1 million; and in 2000, $1.39 billion (Gndersen, Craig, and Michele Ver Ploeg

Organizational Theory free essay sample

The term classical refers to work done by a group of economists in the 18th and 19th centuries. The word NEO meaning , much of this work was developing theories about the way markets and market economists and they are generally termed neo-classical economists. The neo-classical school is the mainstream school of thought in economics, deriving from the work of the marginalists, who defined value in relation to scarcity and regarded the balance of supply and demand as determining equilibrium prices. The neo-classical approach was set out by Alfred Marshall in his principles of economics, which was published in 1890. Human Relations Theories Elton Mayo: Hawthorns studies Where Classical theorists were concerned with structure and mechanics of organisations, the theorists of human relations were, understandably, concerned with the human factors. The foci of human relations theory is on motivation, group motivation and leadership. At the centre of these foci are assumptions about relationship between employer and employee. Best summarised by Schein (1965) or Elton Mayo they were academic, social scientists their emphasis was on human behaviour within organisations they stated that peoples needs are decisive factors in achieving an organisations effectiveness they were descriptive and attempted to be predictive of behaviour in organisations A motive = a need or driving force within a person. The process of motivation involves choosing between alternative forms of action in order to achieve some desired end or goal Alternative forms of action of motivation depend on a managers assumptions about his/her subordinates: Prime Motivators Theory 1. Rational- economic man Self interest and maximisation of gain Basis of Classical, especially, Taylor/Scientific theory 2. Social man Social need, being part of a group Basis of Mayo 3. Self actualising man Self-fulfilment of individual Maslow, Likert, McGregor, Argyris, Herzberg 4. Complex man Depends on individual, group, task Systems approach Elton Mayo : Hawthorne Studies The ground-breaking Hawthorne studies carried out in the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company (USA) 1927 32. Stage 1 (1924 -27) Study of the physical surroundings (lighting level) on productivity of workers. Control group and experimental group previously had similar productivity before study began Control Group = constant lighting level Experimental Group = varied lighting level Result Both groups productivity increased even when experimental group was working in dim light Product leader called Mayo and colleagues to explain Stage 2 (1927 29) Relay assembly room stage Still analysing effect of physical surroundings (rest, pauses, lunch break duration, length of working week) on output Result Output increased even when worsening conditions Hypothesis was now that it was the attitudes of subjects at work and not the physical conditions. This gave rise to the Hawthorne Effect employees were responding not so much to changes in the environment as to the fact they were the centre of attention a special group. Stage 3 (1928 30) A Total of 20,000 interviews were collected with the workers on employee attitudes to working conditions, their supervision and their jobs. Stage 4 (1932) Bank winning observation room This time the new subjects (14 men) put in separate room for six months Result Productivity restricted due to pressure from peers to adopt a slower rate to circumvent company wages incentive scheme to generally adopt own group rules and behaviour Advantages  first real attempt to undertake genuine social research in industrial setting individuals cannot be treated in isolation, but function with group members that individual motivation did not primarily lie in monetary or physical condition, but in need and status in a group the strength of informal (as opposed to formal) groups demonstrated a behaviour of wor kers (formal supervisors were powerless in Stage 4) it highlighted need for supervisors to be sensitive and cater for social needs of workers within the group Disadvantages from 1930s -1950s some doubt was cast on the increased applicability of these theories to every day working life Neo-Human Relations Theory This group were social psychologists who developed more complex theories: Maslow McGregor (theory X and theory Y) Likert Argyris Maslow is often-quoted still today, having developed a seminal theory of the needs of human beings. Herzbergs and McGregors neo-human relations theories both focus on motivation and leadership, but their theories are, as we shall see, very different. In this group we find a particular focus on human motivation including: satisfaction incentive intrinsic Maslow (1943) 1. This psychologist, from his studies, proposed a hierarchy of human needs building from basic needs at the base to higher needs at the top. 2. Maslow made assumptions that people need to satisfy each level of need, before elevating their needs to the next higher level e. g. a hungry persons need is dominated by a need to eat (i. e survival), but not to be loved, until he/she is no longer hungry. 3. Today the focus in most Western societies is on the elements towards the top of Maslows hierarchy in which work environments and jobs (including having a job and the satisfaction or otherwise such jobs provide have become typical features. Notably the attainment of self-esteem and, at the very top of the hierarchy, what Maslow calls self-actualisation fundamentally the synthesis of worth, contribution and perceived value of the individual in society. Advantages Managers can/should consider the needs and aspirations of individual subordinates. Disadvantages The broad assumptions in 2 above have been disproved by exceptions e. g. hungry, ill artist working in a garret. Empirical research over the years has not tended to support this theoretical model. Regarding monetary reward, sometimes beyond certain level of pays (e. g. consultant) other things become more important than another ? 1000 a year e. g. working conditions, boss, environment etc. McGregor (Theory X and Theory Y) Managers were perceived by McGregor, whose theories are still often quoted, to make two noticeably different sets of assumptions about their employees. Theory X (essentially scientific mgt) Theory Y Lazy Like working Avoid responsibility Accept/seek responsibility Therefore need control/coercion Need space to develop imagination/ingenuity Schein type: rational economic man Schein type: self-actualising man Advantages Identifies two main types of individual for managers to consider and how to motivate. Disadvantages Only presents two extremes of managerial behaviour. 200 engineers and accountants were asked to recall the times/occasions when they experienced satisfactory and unsatisfactory feeling about their jobs. Later this also involved manual and clerical staff similar results claimed: Herzberg showed two categories of findings: Motivators factors giving rise to satisfaction Hygiene factors factors giving rise to dissatisfaction Important Motivators Important Hygienes Achievement Company policy and recognition Recognition Supervision the technical aspects Work itself Salary Responsibility Interpersonal relations – supervision Advancement Working conditions Advantages Herzbergs work led to a practical way to improve motivation, which had, up to that point, been dominated by Taylorism (salary, wages). In particular job enrichment programs mushroomed. The aim of these was to design work and work structures to contain the optimum number of motivators. This approach counters the years of Taylorism, which sought to break down work into its simplest components and to remove responsibility from individuals for planning and control. Disadvantages There remain doubts about Herzbergs factors applicability to non-professional groups, despite the fact that some of his later studies involved the clerical and manual groups. The numbers were in these categories though were small and many researchers still argue about the results in these groups. Social scientists argue about the validity of his definition of job satisfaction Likert Described new patterns of management based on the behaviours of managers Four main patterns: 1. Exploitative authoritative where power and direction come from the top downwards, where threats and punishment are employed, where communication is poor and teamwork non-existent. Productivity is typically mediocre Rational economic man 2. Benevolent authoritative is similar to the above but allows some upward opportunities for consultation and some delegation. Rewards may be available as well as threats. Productivity is typically fair to good but at cost of considerable absenteeism and turnover Weaker version of rational economic man 3. Consultative where goals are set or orders issued after discussion with subordinates, where communication is upwards and downwards and where teamwork is encouraged, at least partially. Some involvement of employees as a motivator social man 4. Participative group is reckoned by many to be the ideal system. Under this system, the keynote is participation, leading to commitment to the organisations goals in a fully co-operative way. Communication is both upwards, downwards and lateral. Motivation is obtained by a variety of means. Productivity is excellent and absenteeism and turnover are low Self actualising man (see also McGregor: theory Y) Another useful way of looking at this is that (1) is a highly task-orientated management style, whereas (4) is a highly people-orientated management style. Advantages Essentially Likerts work gives more alternatives in the spectrum between Theory X and Theory Y of McGregor Disadvantage criticised for being based more on theory than empirical practice. Therefore not widely accepted by practising managers. Argyris Studied the needs of people and the needs of organisation. He felt that classical models of organisation promoted immaturity (see below). He felt that it was important to understand the needs of people and integrate them with needs of organisation. Only in this way, he said, can employees become co-operative rather than defensive or aggressive Characteristics of Employee. There are two significant implications of contingency theory: if there is no one best way, then even apparently quite similar organisations, for example, two nearby colleges, may choose significantly different structures and still survive, be reasonably successful in achieving their missions, and so on if different parts of the same organisation are influenced in different ways by the contingencies bearing upon them, then it may be appropriate for them to be structured differently, for example, one university department may have a functional structure, whilst another may have a matrix structure. Examples of contingency theories: Contingency theory of leadership In contingency theory of leadership, the success of the leader is a function of various contingencies in the form of subordinate, task, and/or group variables. The effectiveness of a given pattern of leader behavior is contingent upon the demands imposed by the situation. These theories stress using different styles of leaders hip appropriate to the needs created by different organizational situations. No single contingency theory has been postulated. Some of the theories are:  · Fiedler’s contingency theory: Fiedlers theory is the earliest and most extensively researched. Fiedler’s approach departs from trait and behavioral models by asserting that group performance is contingent on the leader’s psychological orientation and on three contextual variables: group atmosphere, task structure, and leader’s power position.  · Hersey Blanchard’s situational theory This theory is an extension of Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid Model and Reddin’s 3-D management style theory. With this model came the expansion of the notion of relationship and task dimensions to leadership and adds a readiness dimension. Contingency theory of decision making  · Vroom and Yetton’s decision participation contingency theory or the Normative decision theory According to this model, the effectiveness of a decision procedure depends upon a number of aspects of the situation: the importance of the decision quality and acceptance; the amount of relevant information possessed by the leader and subordinates; the likelihood that subordinates will accept an autocratic decision or cooperate in trying to make a good decision if allowed to participate; the amount of disagreement among subordinates with respect to their preferred alternatives. Contingency rules theory  · Smith’s contingency rules theory is an example of a rules approach to persuasion. Smith utilizes the idea of cognitive schemas, expectations about the attributes that a given person or policy will have or expectancies about the consequences of behaving in a particular manner. These schemata function as contingency rules that both shape the way something is viewed and structure behavior. Smith suggests that rules and schemata explain persuasion better than the traditional concept of attitude. According to Smith’s contingency rules theory, rules are used to create responses to persuasive messages. Self-evaluative rules are associated with our self-concept and our image. Adaptive rules are those that will apply effectively in a particular situation – the rules most likely to generate a positive outcome. Behavioral contingency rules are contextual. In some situations, certain consequences are considered and certain rules are activated which guide behavior. In other situations, other rules are activated. External threats and rewards are meaningful only if they apply to one’s personal goals. Conclusion: In conclusion, it has to be restated that management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment for the purpose of efficiently accomplishing Selected aims. Managers carry out the functions of planning, organizing, staffing, Leading, and controlling. Managing is an essential activity at all organizational Levels. However, the managerial skills required vary with organizational levels. Although women have made progress in obtaining responsible positions, they still have a long way to go. The goal of all managers is to create a surplus and to be productive by achieving a favorable output-input ration within a specific time period with due consideration for quality. Productivity implies effectiveness (achieving of objectives) and efficiency (using the least amount of resources). Managing as practice is art; organized knowledge about management is science. The development of management theory involves the development of concepts, principles, and techniques. There are many theories about management, and each contributes something to our knowledge of what managers do. Each approach or theory has its own characteristics and advantages as well as limitations. The operational, or management process, approach draws on each â€Å"school† and systematically integrates them. Finally, the organization is an open system that operates within and interacts with the environment. The systems approach to management includes inputs from the external environment and from claimants, the transformation process, the communication system, external factors, outputs, and a way to reenergize the system. No doubt, a manager who makes serious attempts to translate theory into reality is bound to increase productivity more than a manager who chooses to use the ‘fire brigade’ or trial and error approach

Literature Review About Fast Food free essay sample

Moreover, proximity to future fast food restaurants is uncorrelated with current obesityand weight gain, conditional on current proximity to fast food. The implied effects of fast-food oncaloric intake are at least one order of magnitude smaller for mothers, which suggests that they areless constrained by travel costs than school children. The study shows that policies restricting accessto fast food near schools could have significant effects on obesity among school children, but similar policies restricting the availability of fast food in residential areas are unlikely to have large effectson adults. Conclusions:This study investigates the health consequences of proximity to fast food for two vulnerable groups:young teens and pregnant women. The focus on very close distances and the presence of a large arrayof controls alleviates issues of endogenous fast-food placement. The results point to a significanteffect of proximity to fast food restaurant on the risk of obesity. Specifically, They show that the presence of a fast food restaurant within a tenth of a mile of a school is associated with at least a 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review About Fast Food or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page percent increase in the obesity rate in that school (relative to the presence at . 25 miles). Consistentwith highly non-linear transportation costs, they do not find evidence of an effect at . 25 miles and at. 5 miles. The effect for pregnant women is quantitatively smaller and more linear in distance. Theyfind that a fast food restaurant within a tenth of a mile of a residence results in a 4. 4 percent increasein the probability of gaining over 20 kilos. This effect is reduced to a 2. 5 percent increase when afast-food is within a . 5 miles from the residence of the mother. Causes and Consequences of Fast Food Sales Growth, Mark D. Jekanowski,January-April 1999. With today ¶s hectic lifestyles, timesaving products are increasingly in demand. Perhaps one of the most obvious examples is fast food. Today the demand for the, hectic lifestyles, timesaving products are increasingly. Obliviously one of the example is Fast Food Industry. The rate of growth in consumer expenditures on fast food has led most other segments of the food-away-from home market for much of the last two decades. Since 1982, there is growth rate inconsumer spending at fast food. The consumers spent at fast food outlets grew at an annually he proportion of away-from-home food expenditures on fast food also increased. Everyone eats Fast Food even knowing that it is not healthy for them. Reasons are because of speed, convenience and price. However, fast food has many hidden costs,including the high price of bad health. Not to mention the fact that for such cheap food, youre actually being overcharged by a big amount. So the real reason is not price, butconvenience. You can get much cheaper food by cooking for yourself, but you are notalways at home to do the cooking, or you do not always feel like cooking. Consumer perception about fast food in India: an exploratory study byAnita Goyal,(Management Development Institute, Sukhrali, India), N. P. Singh, (Management DevelopmentInstitute, Sukhrali, India). Abstract: Purpose ± This paper seeks to estimate importance of various factorsaffecting the choice of fast food outlets by Indian young consumers. Design/methodology/approach ± The study applies multivariate statisticaltools to estimate importance of various factors affecting the choice of fastfood outlets by Indian young consumers. In addition, the authors analysedthe consumption patterns, impact of hygiene and nutritional values, andrating of various attributes of McDonalds and Nirulas. Findings ± Results indicate that the young Indian consumer has passionfor visiting fast food outlets for fun and change but home food is their first choice. They feel homemade food is much better than food served atfast food outlets. They have the highest value for taste and quality(nutritional values) followed by ambience and hygiene. Three dimensions(service and delivery dimension, product dimension, and qualitydimension) of fast food outlets attributes are identified based on factor analysis results. The two fast food outlets rating differs significantly onthe seven attributes. McDonalds scores are higher on all attributes except? variety?. Further, consumers feel that fast food outlets must provideadditional information on nutritional values and hygiene conditions insidekitchen. Practical implications ± Fast food providers need to focus on quality andvariety of food besides other service parameters. There is need tocommunicate the information about hygiene and nutrition value of fastfood which will help in building trust in the food provided by fast food players. Originality/value ± Estimates importance of various factors affecting thechoice of fast food outlets by Indian young consumers. As. J. Food Ag-Ind. 2009, 2(03), 412-433, Asian Journal of Food andAgro-Industry, ISSN 1906-3040,Food safety research in IndiabyR. V. Sudershan , Pratima Rao and Kalpagam Polasa:Abstract:With growing international trade, food safety has emerged as animportant global issue. The present research was an attempt to study thefood safety research in India in the past ten years during 1995-2005. Many studies were focused on detection of pathogenic microorganisms,adulterants and contaminants in food. However, there is a striking paucityof reliable data on important issues like evaluation of risks throughadulterants, additives and contaminants. Consequently, the protection of diets from these hazards must be considered one of the essential publichealth functions of any country, which emphasizes the need for total dietstudies. MethodologyThe status of food safety research in India was reviewed by assessing data published in journals,websites and published data from universities in the form of doctoraltheses and dissertations atthe post-graduate level. For this, literature for the years 1995-2005 wasreviewed. The studies that wereincluded for this review were those with a representative sample size andcarried out by scholarsstudying in well-reputed universities, doctoral theses, original researcharticles in peer reviewed journals, annual reports of research organizations and institutions. Qualitative reviews werereviewed in similar topics and the results were tabulated and compared toget a better understanding of the research carried out in these issues. The findings of the selected studies have been discussed under thefollowingtopics:Health Risk: probability of an adverse event of diarrhea. Hazard Identification: pathogens, adulterants, contaminants and their health effects. Industrial food safety: existing laws, standards, sanitation and hygiene practices, specific hazards. Hazard ExposureAssessment: how much people eat, what food theyconsume and where they consume. Consumer Behaviour: hand washing, hygiene. I

I Want Your Ugly free essay sample

A pigeon once nested in the front courtyard of my house. It moved grotesquely and could not fly, its physicality a result of birth defects. Neither my family nor I felt a necessity to relocate the unfortunate creature, though a sadness crept through me every time I was reminded of its existence. One day, I noticed a second, heftier pigeon in the courtyard, pecking at our resident bird’s mangled body every time it drew near. My poor pigeon tried desperately to befriend his visitor, but was met only with aggression. I understand that in natural world untouched by human will the defected are typically abandoned or ignored, but the sight of this incident broke my heart. I did not try to scare away the hostile bird for fear of simultaneously spooking my pigeon. Instead, I instinctively located my camera and snapped shots of this interaction for several minutes. If I could not help my friend, I could at least be a witness to his struggle. We will write a custom essay sample on I Want Your Ugly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My thoughts drifted to Lenny in Of Mice and Men, Leper Lepellier in A Separate Peace, and Ben in Ben X: lost souls that long so dearly for companionship and acceptance, but who are rejected for their inadequacies by the standards of society, leaving behind haunting, unsavory auras. I thought of my volunteer work at ARCH, the Arizona Recreation Center for the Handicapped, and my constant pursuit to show love and to listen to those whose minds and bodies prevent them from functioning normally. My stewing mind remembered a quote it once read and processed by Elie Wiesel that said â€Å"the opposite of love is not hate, it’s indifference.† As a journalist, I aspire to be a witness to those whose problems—be them physical, mental, environmental, or political—are avoided, or simply ignored, because they are too uncomfortable or disgusting to confront. In the eloquent words of the great Lady Gaga, â€Å"I want your ugly (†¦) I want your everything†; I want my life and its work to demonstrate that no living component of this beautiful world is undeserving of love and respect. My pigeon has since disappeared, his fate unknown, but not the stirring compassion he evoked in me. Taking photographs and writing fill me with the joy of expression, but remembering my pigeon and all that he symbolizes awakens in me more than satisfaction with myself, but purpose in using my talents to help others.

Business Cadence

Business Cadence Business Cadence Business Cadence By Maeve Maddox The meanings of cadence with which I’m most familiar have to do with poetry and music. In poetry, cadence refers to rhythmical construction. For example, â€Å"Iambic pentameter has a cadence similar to that of common English speech.† In music and movement, cadence is the measure of rhythm. For example, â€Å"The importance of the delayed cadence in Wagner is most easily observed by looking at his use of rests.† In speaking, cadence is the rise and fall of the voice. For example, â€Å"What can be done to improve the cadence of a student [whose speech] sounds very choppy?† Because rhythm is important to bodily movement, the word cadence has a clear application to sports. In horseback riding, cadence is â€Å"is the equal measure or proportion which a horse observes in all his motions when he is thoroughly managed.† In cycling, cadence refers to the speed with which the rider turns the pedals. Now for a look at the use of the word in the context of business: Cadence is what gives a team a feeling of demarcation, progression, resolution or flow. A pattern which allows the team to know what they are doing and when it will be done. The purpose of a cadence is to establish a reliable and dependable capability which demonstrates a predictable capacity. Cadence gives some confidence in the upcoming work when we are triggering rather than scheduling work [A certain business consultant] worked with our team to ensure a weekly cadence of accountability was established and effectively in place. As this new use of cadence has not yet made its way into either OED or M-W, I can only guess what it means in these examples. I think it has something to do with making a timetable or a checklist to keep a project or service on track. Perhaps it’s a synonym for organization or routine. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant Names5 Brainstorming Strategies for WritersWhile vs. Whilst

The Impact of Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

The Impact of Communication - Essay Example nergy involved in communication is the microwave-high frequency radio waves that are transmitted from the source to the receiver through the radio transmitter. Information is transmitted from the source to the receiver through transforming energy from one state to another. When using any communication device, the sound waves generated lead to vibration of the diaphragm in a magnetic field. The vibrations are then changed into electrical impulses that are conveyed through a wire to the receiver. In the receiver, the impulses cause the magnetic fields to vary causing vibration of the diaphragm. The diaphragm then produces sound similar to the original (Caloz & Itoh, 2005). The flow of the energy in communication is presented in the chart below. One of the main differences between wired and wireless communication is that whereas the wired communication uses cables in connection, the wires communication do not use any form of connection via cables but rather uses radio waves. The wireless communication, the internet and the smart phone technology are major breakthrough in the process of communication. These technologies have not only facilitated the link between one individual to another but also it has improved the link between world economies. It is now very possible to acquire property at the comfort of our homes. This has lead to immense growth to the world economy (Pahlavan, 2011). In my day to day life, I often use the wireless communication, the internet and the smart phone in passing my information to other people. The underlying scientific concepts used in this technology transmission of electromagnetic waves from the source to the receiver. The wireless and wired network options have lead to the current growth in the communication infrastructure. With the current growth in these options, communication in the society will be a lot easier and cheaper in the future as compared to the current